Complete C++ Programming Reference

Complete C++ Reference's

C++ Language — Developed by Bjarne Stroustrup in 1983 as an extension of C. Combines procedural and object-oriented programming.

Intro Of C++ Language

C++ is a powerful, high-performance programming language developed by Bjarne Stroustrup in 1983 as an extension of the C language. It combines the features of procedural and object-oriented programming, making it highly suitable for large-scale applications such as system/software development, game engines, real-time simulations, and embedded systems. Due to its performance and flexibility, C++ remains a foundational language in modern software development.

Why C++ Matters? Used in game development (Unreal Engine), operating systems, browsers, and high-frequency trading systems.

Basic C++ Program Structure

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main() {
    cout << "Hello, C++!" << endl;
    return 0;
}

Key Differences from C:

iostream instead of stdio.h
cout for output instead of printf
endl for newline
Object-oriented features (classes, objects)

1. C++ Keywords

Complete List of C++ Keywords 63+

Keyword	Description
auto	Deduces type automatically
bool	Boolean data type
break	Exit from loop or switch
case	Label in a switch statement
catch	Handles exceptions
char	Character data type
class	Declares a class
const	Declares a constant
continue	Skips current loop iteration
default	Default label in switch
delete	Deallocates memory
do	Starts do-while loop
double	Double precision float
else	Else branch of if-statement
enum	Declares enumeration
explicit	Used to avoid implicit conversions
export	Used for exporting templates
extern	Declares external linkage
false	Boolean false value
float	Floating point data type
for	Loop structure
friend	Grants access to private members
goto	Jumps to labeled statement
if	Conditional branch
inline	Suggests inlining function
int	Integer data type
long	Long integer
mutable	Allows member to be modified in const obj
namespace	Encapsulates identifiers
new	Allocates memory
operator	Overloads operator
private	Private access specifier
protected	Protected access specifier
public	Public access specifier
register	Registers variable (hint)
reinterpret_cast	Casts pointer to different type
return	Returns from a function
short	Short integer
signed	Signed modifier
sizeof	Returns size in bytes
static	Static lifetime
struct	Declares structure
switch	Multi-way branch
template	Declares templates
this	Pointer to current object
throw	Throws exception
true	Boolean true value
try	Starts exception handler
typedef	Creates alias for type
typeid	Returns type information
typename	Indicates type name in templates
union	Declares union
unsigned	Unsigned modifier
using	Imports names from namespace
virtual	Declares virtual function
void	No return value or type
volatile	Prevents optimization
wchar_t	Wide character type
while	Loop with condition at top
static_cast	Performs explicit conversion
dynamic_cast	Safely casts in polymorphic class hierarchy

2. C++ Data Types

Basic Data Types

Type	Description
int	Integer
char	Character
float	Floating point
double	Double precision float
bool	Boolean (true/false)
void	No value
wchar_t	Wide character
short	Short integer
long	Long integer
unsigned	Positive-only integer variants

// Data type examples
int age = 25;
float price = 99.99f;
double pi = 3.14159265359;
bool isDone = true;
char grade = 'A';
wchar_t wideChar = L'न';

3. C++ Operators

C++ Operators Reference

Operator Type	Operators
Arithmetic	+ - * / %
Assignment	= += -= *= /= %=
Increment/Decrement	++ --
Comparison	== != > < >= <=
Logical	&& \|\| !
Bitwise	& \| ^ ~ << >>
Compound Assignment	&= \|= ^= <<= >>=
Ternary	? :
Scope Resolution	::
Member Access	. ->
Pointer	* &
Type Cast	static_cast, dynamic_cast, const_cast, reinterpret_cast

Scope Resolution (::)

Access global variables, namespace members, or static class members

Type Casting

static_cast, dynamic_cast, const_cast, reinterpret_cast

Member Access

. for direct, -> for pointer member access

4. Modifiers

Type Modifiers

Modifier	Description
signed	Can hold negative and positive
unsigned	Only positive values
short	Reduces memory usage
long	Extends memory size

5. Control Structures

Flow Control

Structure	Description
if / else	Conditional logic
switch	Multi-case logic
for	Loop with init-condition-update
while	Entry-controlled loop
do...while	Exit-controlled loop
break	Exit loop/switch
continue	Skip current iteration
goto	Jumps to labeled location
return	Exits function

6. Preprocessor Directives

Preprocessor Commands

Directive	Use
#include	Include header files
#define	Define macros
#undef	Undefine macros
#ifdef	If defined
#ifndef	If not defined
#endif	Ends conditional directive
#if / #else	Conditional compilation
#pragma	Special compiler instructions
#error	Throws compilation error
#line	Changes line number for errors

7. Special Symbols & Characters

Special Characters

Symbol	Meaning
{ }	Block of code
[ ]	Array brackets
( )	Function call or grouping
;	Statement terminator
" "	String literal
' '	Character literal
\\	Escape character
//	Single-line comment
/* */	Multi-line comment

C++ OOP Features:

Classes & Objects — Blueprint and instances
Inheritance — Reuse and extend classes
Polymorphism — Virtual functions, overloading
Encapsulation — Private/protected members
Abstraction — Abstract classes, interfaces

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